Mainstrem Christianity and Jesus Christ - 1112 Words

â€Å"There is only one Christ, Jesus, one faith. All else is a dispute over trifles.† (Elizabeth I) Excellent use of quotation. ‘Mainstream Christianity teaches us that God exists in three forms, or persons: the Father, who created the world, the Son, Jesus who redeemed humankind and the Holy Spirit’. (John Wolffe 2014 p.75). When we look at Christianity this is the central core of belief; the Christian belief revolves around Jesus of Nazareth and the Christ who are both fully divine figures. To be a Christian is to believe in one God and recognize Jesus as the Son of God, ‘Jesus, the sinless Son of God, is the essential means of reconciliation between God and humankind’ (John Wolffe, 2014 p. 74). In the 16th century, there was a big change in the way some Christians worshipped God. Questions were raised in regards to the different interpretation of the Christian Faith leading to a split in the western Christian world during the reformation. The new Christians called themselves ‘Protestants’ because they were protesting against the Roman Catholic Church, its teachings and its customs. Up to the 16th century the Christian ideology ‘emphasized in the importance of tradition, and the authority of the church as the interpreter of Christian teaching’ (John Wolffe, 2014 p75). During that time particular rituals and celebrations were recognized as vital for personal salvation, saints were venerated to be intercessors with God. Christians then believed in different practices, they

Question Questions On Political Culture - 1690 Words

Fanessa Martinez†¨ Gary Sokolow†¨ Political Science 10†¨ March 2, 2016 Exam 1 Question One Political culture refers to believes, feeling and how people think they should act about government. In the US political culture lays some core ideals and values which are of course not shared by all the Americans. However, the two shared political values in the US by vast majority the regardless of race, creed, national origin are liberty and democracy. In most political debates, there is a tendency to come up with the best framework on how best to achieve these ideals and values assert (Schudson, 271). As the freedom for people to do what they want, liberty does not only ensure and allow personal fulfillment but also happiness. An example of liberty is through a limited government that exercises restrictions of liberty on its citizens just to keep in check that individuals do not impinge on other people’s freedom. However, according to Schudson (272), there are some specific items that a limited government cannot impose on the citizens such as limiting the freedom of speech and imposing a single religion as there is a constitution that stipulates the limits of the powers of the government. As in the case of the US, the constitution clearly outlines the government structure with the Bill of Rights providing a guarantee of specific liberties to citizens. Second to a limited government is the economic liberty which frees people to do their wish in the economic sphere withoutShow MoreRelatedPolitical Philosophy and User Responses1444 Words   |  6 Pagesbecome more involved in state politics. Grade: User Responses: Feedback: 1 c.Government should not obstruct individuals’ efforts to obtain property. ________ often predict the degree and type of political participation, which shapes political culture. a. b. c. d. e. Political values Demographic factors Community-oriented economics Individual incentives Group dynamics Grade: User Responses: Feedback: 4. 1 c.individualism Which of the following attributes is associatedRead MoreThe Right For Individual Legal Age Essay1234 Words   |  5 PagesThe term, â€Å"political culture† is a concept which defines certain accepted â€Å"political values† of most people living in a given country. As applied to the United States, list and explain at least two shared political values that most people, regardless of race, creed, national origin, in the US share. Something that I believe everyone share regardless of race, National Origins and, creed is the Freedom of Liberty, the right to be free. As long as other people right aren t abused. Another thing thatRead MoreThe Political Culture Of Politics1506 Words   |  7 Pagesover many years. To ask if the evolution of political culture changes how people participate in politics is simple. The answer is yes. To begin with, let’s define political culture; ‘Authors define the term political culture as the particular distribution of pattern s of orientation towards political objects among the members of a nation’ (Almond and Verba 1963: 13 cited in Welzel and Inglehart, 2014 p.285). Now let’s define culture; ‘the term culture covers a broad set of phenomena. It includesRead MoreIs Neutrality A Key Component For The Different Areas Of Knowledge?1249 Words   |  5 Pagesdepends on neutral questions so that people do not develop biased responses due to the way a question is set up. Political surveys are a prime example of the importance of neutral questions. When questions are not carefully worded, the framing effect can take place depending on how someone words a question. Although the accuracy of political survey results depend on the neutrality of a question, to create a question without bias is impossible. There is no such thing as a neutral question. NeutralityRead MoreThe Assimilation Of Cuban Americans882 Words   |  4 PagesQuestion 6: The assimilation of Cuban Americans has come rather slowly due to the discrimination that this group has faced. Like most other immigrating groups, Cubans have seen themselves rejected and discriminated by the dominant group, making them embrace their own culture and straying away from the dominant expectations for several years. In order to maintain their culture, and as an effort to reject discrimination, Cuban Americans have opened various organizations and enclaves that help promoteRead MoreThe Political Culture Approach : Comparison Of Almond And Verba1128 Words   |  5 PagesThe Political Culture Approach: Comparison of Almond and Verba (1965) and Putnam (1993). From a quick examination, Almond and Verba and Putnam appear to be asking the similar basic research question: what are the determinants for democracy’s success? Detail analysis, however, brings their different research design, modes of analysis, and conclusions into focus. Putnam’s work (1993) reinforces Almond and Verba’s work on civic culture, by emphasize the role of individuals to their community usingRead MoreGender Is On Men, Woman, And The Rest Of Us By Kate Bornstein1377 Words   |  6 Pagesincludes poetry, pictures, quotes, essays, and a play to raise questions and discuss the idea of gender. This is a great book to introduce and discuss the issues that affect the lives of trans people as they navigate and explore the lines that define gender. In this book, Bornstein examines the questions a lot of people have about the established gender roles and the physical bodies we’re born in. Her goal through this book is to raise questions and make readers think and rethink the idea of gender. SheRead MoreWestern Civilization Roger Scruton Summary1410 Words   |  6 Pagesanswer the question â€Å"What is exactly Western civilization, and what holds it together?†. He uses his answer to help explain the cultural, political, and social struggle between the internal worlds of Western civilization and Islamic civilization. Scruton’s The West and the Rest: Globalization and the Terrorist Threat gives context, proof, and commentary on the continuities and discontinuities between Western and Islamic principles to emphasize the need for renewal of the distinct Western culture. ScrutonRead MoreA Brief Note On Impeded Economic Development And Its Effect On The Prevalence Of Migration1392 Words   |  6 Pagesimpeded economic development. Second, he also explains how the slave trade led to greater political instability because of internal warfare and raiding which led to weakened and fragmented states. Nunn s work is revered as one of extreme importance in this debate and he is often lauded for the paper s statistical sophistication. However, Nunn s paper is still subject to critique. First, mapping ethnicities onto modern countries in Africa has been called â€Å"ethnogenesis† (Austin 2008). The inconsistencyRead MoreBranches of Philosophy Essay980 Words   |  4 Pagesanswer different questions to the six branches of Philosophy. The branches are Metaphysics-is something real? Epistemology-How do we know? Ethics-What is right or wrong? Aesthetics- Is something beautiful? Political- What government is best? And Social- How should we act in in society. Six Branches of Philosophy There are six branches of philosophy. There is Metaphysics, Epistemology, Ethics, Aesthetics, Political, and Social. Each branch asks us all specific types of questions that we ask ourselves

Why Was There a Revolution in Russia in 1905 Free Essays

Why was there a revolution in Russia in 1905? The 1905 revolution happened for many reasons and so a combination of factors will best explain this question. However the most important reason was the tsar and his ignorant beliefs and attitudes towards Russia. The Russo-Japanese war was a major factor in starting the revolution in 1905, the whole purpose of the war was to try and stop the thoughts of rebellion by getting the Russian people to rally for their country, however when Russia lost the Russian people lost faith in their country and their tsar because he embarrassed their country and put them in a huge national crisis. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Was There a Revolution in Russia in 1905 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Russia’s defeat displayed the government’s incompetence which excited the social unrest that the war was supposed to stop. It also showed people incompetence of the Tsar who’s most important and essential job was to show his command of his army. Enthusiasm was the first reaction to this war, giving the country something to take its mind off, stop the rioting and focus on the winning. However, as soon as it became clear that Russia was losing for the first time to an Asian power, the people declared unrest and resumed, stronger than ever the strikes and demand for reform. Russia’s ignorance on world issues was showed and clearly laid for the people of Russia to see. The loss of the war, representing the only hope allowed the revolution of 1905 to take place, forming a large number of strikes, constant pressure on the government and the demand for reform. Russia in the 19th  and 20th  century faced economic collapses along with inflation which would test the nation’s and the people’s patience towards coming sufferings. The increasing population of Russia outlined a new milestone for the empire. A population increase demanded more from the economy and required a higher order of thought to please the entire nation. However, Russia and the Tsar were not ready for such expansion in population and backward views on society only provided another reason to further damage the rising dissatisfaction. Village population had grown from 61 to 78 million between 1877 and 1905 but the land owned by peasants only grew 24. 2 percent. Clearly, there was a shortage of land, and a shortage of determination to improve the land and shortened patience to hope for better times. The emancipation of the Serfs by Alexander II in 1861 did little to solve the discontent and agitation of the working people. The view of the freed serfs was the final ownership of land in return for powering the nation’s economy and later the empire. However, the disappointment appeared when the Tsar approved freedom for the peasants, yet taxed them for living on land which they had believed to rightfully own from years of slavery. The view on autocracy was being undermined, even though there was trust in the Tsar and his connection with god. The Tsar’s ignorance on issues such as the poor living conditions for the peasants in the country outlined a path of public dismay and questioning. While the peasants resisted questioning due to their simplicity, influence from other parts of Europe and the slow industrialisation saw them thinking about the nature of their misfortune and famine. Whilst ‘freeing the Serfs’ and granting them their ironic independence, rising  prices  along with tremendous taxes influenced the peasants to revolt, playing a part in the Russian revolution. Illegal political parties were uprising to share their discontent with Russia and their Tsar and create an outline for ideas of revolution, demands and strikes. The social revolutionaries and democrats had existed from 1901, yet public support was achieved in 1905 when living was hard, and the belief of god and the Tsar had been slowly lost. These parties were illegal, yet the Tsar could not satisfy the people in order to prove these parties unnecessary. All these political opponents were a figure of showing the attention needed to Russia, how strong actions needed to be taken and the hunger of the people needed to be satisfied at any scale possible. The participation of these parties resulted in strikes and a build-up of the Russia changing general strike. Decisively, the build of political parties and the failure to stop their need allowed the citizens of Russia to demand and express themselves more, therefore leading to the activity of revolution and strength. Bloody Sunday’ intensified the revolutionary movement and finally ended the people’s view of the Tsar as their protector and carer. On 9thJanuary 1905, concerned workers came peacefully to address a petition, and expected the Tsar to ease their problems. However, the peaceful workers were shot at by the tsar’s soldiers before they could even reach the tsar. After ‘Bloody Sunday’, the tip of revolution was over and certainly now it stood in e very person’s right to take political concern and begin strikes that would swell to form a halt in the nation. By September there were massive strikes by factory workers and railway men. Soon the country was virtually stopped by a general strike, which stopped everything Russia relied on. Overall the revolution in 1905 was started by many factors however the Tsar’s beliefs and attitudes were one of the main factors because he was so naive and ignorant. He could have stopped bloody Sunday, which was the breaking point for revolution, but instead he let his soldiers shoot his people losing any trust the Russian people had in him. He also involved the country in a pointless war to try and rally Russia together only to embarrassingly lose and display his incompetence. How to cite Why Was There a Revolution in Russia in 1905, Essay examples

Headspace Project Automated Information Recording System - Samples

Question: Discuss about the Headspace Project Automated Information Recording System. Answer: Introduction A number of business sectors, industries and organizations have been set up in different parts of the globe. The set of activities and business operations that are performed by these entities are also different in terms of the area of operation, methodologies that are applied and the information that is associated with it. Every country has some sectors and lines of businesses that are present on a mandatory basis and healthcare is an example of the same. In the healthcare sector, there are numerous tasks and operations that are carried out daily. There are various activities that the organizations and agencies associated with this sector perform on a daily basis. A share of $54 Million has been invested by the Australian Government in the National Youth Mental Health Foundation. This programme was later renamed and popularized as Headspace. In the recent years, there is a lot of youth that suffers from different medical problems and issues, such as, anxiety, depression, mental healt h syndromes and many other conditions. It has become required to provide the due care and attention to these patients so that their condition does not worsen (Rhyous, 2011). Headspace project is an initiative to provide the required care, treatment and support to the youth suffering from any of the medical conditions and disorders. In order to accomplish the task, it is required to investigate and gather the information from the patients. The patients share their problems and issues in the form of a story which is stored in the information that is associated with the case. However, there are not one but many workers that handle the case and it is troublesome for the patients to share the same story with each of the worker again and again. Due to the nature of the issues that are currently present in the system, it has been proposed to set up and advanced and automated systems that will capture the patient story in the first go. The system will record the information and will analyze the same. Stakeholder Interest in the Project Name of the Stakeholder Type of the Stakeholder Stakeholders Interest Patient Customer External and Operational Customers are the patients that will be utilizing the services and the features that will be implemented in the system. The level of interest for the patients will be high in this case as the need to repeat their responses and story will be eliminated. There will be a one-time discussion that will take place and all the necessary details will be captured by the system. Project Manager and Leadership Internal and Executive There are a lot of activities that will be carried out by the system in terms of information recording and management. The success of the project will be beneficial for the project management which will enhance their level of interest in the project (Bourne, 2016). Project Team Members Internal and Operational There will be many members that will be involved in the project team such as project developer, design, implementation team and likewise. These resources will be accountable and responsible for the project activities and their success. It will enhance their interest in the project. Case Workers and Clinical Team Internal and Operational The responsibility of the diagnosis and treatment of the medical conditions of the patients will be on the clinical team and the members working on the case. The system will provide them with the ability to get rid of all the issues that are present in the current process. They will be able to interact with the patients in a better manner and will be able to understand the case details accurately. The interest of these members will therefore by high (Watt, 2016) Headspace Team - Sponsor External and Executive The aim of the Australian Government is to make sure that the cases of mental health conditions reduce and the ones that are present are resolved in a timely manner. The aim of the sponsor will be realized with this project which will surely enhance their interest in the project (Walker, 2016) Suppliers and Vendors External and Executive The completion of the project activities will include a lot many tools and equipment as well, such as computer systems, networking tools and many more. These will be provided by this group of stakeholders and they will receive their share of payments in return. The same will be the reason of their interest in the project. Questionnaire for the Stakeholders Introduction Statement Headspace project is an initiative to provide the required care, treatment and support to the youth suffering from any of the medical conditions and disorders. In order to accomplish the task, it is required to investigate and gather the information from the patients. Apart from the patients, there are other stakeholders that are also involved in the project, such as the project sponsor, clinical team, case workers, project team, project management and likewise. There will be abundant information that will be available with all the stakeholders. Many of the techniques and methods have been developed to make sure that the information that is gathered is relevant and as per the requirement. Some of the investigation techniques that may be used for the purpose include interviews, questionnaires, observations, and brainstorming sessions. Questionnaire technique is used and applied to cover the details and requirements associated with the project. Case Workers Clinical Team List of Questions What is the health information that you look out for while discussing the case with the patients? There must be multiple discussions that a patient needs to attend to convey all the information related with his/her mental and health condition. What is the average number of such discussions and meetings in a case? What are the major problems that are present in the system that is currently followed in the process of information collection and storage? Do you classify the patient information as per the contents and protection criteria of the information or is it treated as the case information as a whole? What are the data operations that you use and apply on the patient information? What are the tools that are used for the purpose? What are the various platforms that you would prefer for accessing the system? What are the set of non-functional requirements that you would wish to be included in the system? Is there any other automated application or system that is currently being used in the project for the execution of the project activities? What is the technical expertise that you have in terms of understanding the flow of the application and its features? Would you like to receive a training session as the first step before the practical usage? Health information is considered as the sensitive information. What are the measures that you and your team takes for the protection of the health information of the patient? Use Case Model Use Case Model (Agilemodeling, 2016) Use Case Description Access the Application The customers, that is, the patients and the representatives from the clinical team and case workers will be allowed to access the application. In order to gain entry to the application, a unique id and a matching password will be necessary which will be followed by a biometric identification. In such a manner, the application information will be protected at all times. Provide Customer Data The primary purpose of the application is to capture the patient story. The patient story will be captured by the system in the form of the responses that will be provided by the patient to the questions that will be asked. This data will be recorded by the system and will be stored by the id of the patient which will be a unique identifier. Manage the user and setting up of the privileges The system administrator will have the ability to manage all the users that will be granted the access to the system. The set of privileges and the operations that will be allowed to be carried out by the users will be based upon the type of the user. Such settings and the modifications in these settings will be allowed to be performed by the administrator only (Fakhroutdinov, 2016). Analysis of the Data The clinical team and the case workers currently make use of explicit tools and packages for analyzing the data that is provided by the patients. There are also manual operations that are currently involved in the process. However, the automated system will integrate the data analytics tools that will analyze the patient story and will highlight the results. These results will assist the clinical team and case workers in the development of the measures for the treatment of the patients. Feedback and Medical reports The clinical team will provide the case workers with their analysis reports in the form of the medical feedback along with the medical documents. These reports and documents will be uploaded by the clinical team members on the system and the case workers will be allowed to access and download the same by making use of a valid set of credentials. Development of the solution The responsibility of the development of the source code for the system will be on the project developer. There will be a front end that will be developed comprising of all the system functional requirements and specifications. This front end will then be connected with the database that will be the back-end of the system. The project developer will be required to come up with the source code and will also be required to perform a unit testing of the code to ensure that there are no bugs and faults present in the code (Wick, 2016). Equipment for the Project The patients will be notified about their diagnosis results and the need to provide further responses by creating alerts and reminders for them regarding the upcoming sessions. The completion of the project activities will include a lot many tools and equipment as well, such as computer systems, networking tools and many more. These will be provided by the service providers, that is, the suppliers and the vendors and they will receive their share of payments in return. Fully Developed Use Case Description Use Case Name Provide Customer Data Use Case Scenario The patients will provide and share their story in the form of the response that will be given to the questions and queries. Trigger event The case worker/clinical team member will start the session by asking the questions to the patients Brief description of the use case The primary purpose of the application is to capture the patient story. The patient story will be captured by the system in the form of the responses that will be provided by the patient to the questions that will be asked. This data will be recorded by the system and will be stored by the id of the patient which will be a unique identifier. Related use cases Analysis of the Data Actors Patient, Stakeholders Patient and Clinical Team Pre-conditions The clinical team member or the case worker shall have the set of the credentials to make sure that they can enter the application and begin recording the same Post-conditions The system must capture the information that is provided by the patients. Flow of activities Actor System Input the id and password for the system The primary screen shall come up Insert the patient id The case information associated with the patient must appear. Record the patient story The information shall be stored in the system. Exception conditions The credentials that are entered by the user are not correct. References Agilemodeling,. (2016). UML 2 Use Case Diagramming Guidelines. Agilemodeling.com. Retrieved 04 September 2017, from https://agilemodeling.com/style/useCaseDiagram.htm Bourne, L. (2016). Stakeholder Relationship Management. Retrieved 04 September 2017, from https://www.mosaicprojects.com.au/PDF_Papers/P128b_Stakeholder_Relationship_Management.pdf Fakhroutdinov, K. (2016). UML actor is a role played by a human user of the designed system, some other system or hardware that interacts with the subject by using services of the subject.. Uml-diagrams.org. Retrieved 04 September 2017, from https://www.uml-diagrams.org/use-case-actor.html Rhyous,. (2011). The 8 Types of Technical Documentation and Why Each Is Important. Rhyous. Retrieved 04 September 2017, from https://www.rhyous.com/2011/07/21/the-different-types-of-technical-documentation-for-software-and-why-each-is-important/ Walker, D. (2016). Influence, Stakeholder Mapping and Visualisation. Retrieved 04 September 2017, from https://mosaicprojects.com.au/PDF_Papers/P062_Influence_Stakeholder_Mapping_and_Visualisation.pdf Watt, A. (2016). 5. Stakeholder Management | Project Management. Opentextbc.ca. Retrieved 04 September 2017, from https://opentextbc.ca/projectmanagement/chapter/chapter-5-project-stakeholders-project-management/ Wick, S. (2016). User Stories and Use Cases - Dont Use Both!. Batimes.com. Retrieved 04 September 2017, from https://www.batimes.com/articles/user-stories-and-use-cases-dont-use-both.html

Mun Policy Statement Example Essay Example

Mun Policy Statement Example Essay LANDMINE CLEARANCE policy statetment Landmines have existed since the 19th century; many people from all around the world have been victims to bombs. Landmines continue to kill nearly 20,000 people every year, even decades after the ending of the conflicts for which they were placed. Land mines were designed for two main uses: to create defensive tactical barriers and slowing an invasion forces progress to allow reinforcements to arrive. But today it’s claiming more lives every week. Land mines are weapons of mass destruction in slow motion. Currently, The International Campaign to Ban Landmines, ICBL, is urging all governments to protest against Syria’s use of Landmines on its borders with Turkey and Lebanon. The Syrian army has been seen planting landmines along routes used to reach Turkey. It is reported that thousands of Syrians used these paths to flee to safety over the border, which is why locals have begun to restore access by removing the mines at great personal risk. Already reports have been received that a family of five was injured recently when trying to cross the minefields. Germany signed the Ottawa Treaty on the 3rd of December 1997. It has been helping the NSAWG (NON-STATE ACTORS WORKING GROUP) which was a movement inside ICBL that consists of campaigns to stop anti-personal landmines. This matter should be taken seriously and considered cautiously. The delegate would like to suggest that the UN create a demining battalion that would help the countries that need to get rid of their unwanted and dangerous mines. This way the UN would support restoring these fields to a good environment and it wouldn’t cost any more innocent civilian lives. Clauses: rges that the UN creates a organization that trains and handle minesweepers that has been hired by this organization. This Organization will supply the best equipmentand PPE ( Proctective Personal Equipment) for the minesweepers to be sure that they come back alive from the clearance on the minefield and the job is done. Minesweepers is the humanitarian way of clearing mines. This way the surrounding environment and the minefield itself would be preserved. This organization will give help to countries that needs help with their mine field clearing. Our target is to clear and preserve, this clause says it all. We will write a custom essay sample on Mun Policy Statement Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mun Policy Statement Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mun Policy Statement Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer LAKE VICTORIA 2nd policy statement Honorable chairs and esteemed delegates, Water is on of the basic needs of a human being. Water is important to all beings. Clean water comes from a clean source but lake victoria is no longer a clean source of water. It’s water now contains raw sewage and rubbish. It is no longer available for human use. Fisherman also depend on this lake for their daily catches and their business. The excesive pollution has led extinction to most of the flora and fauna living around or in the lake. Also, diseases are spreading villages and towns near the lake. Over 30 million people living in poverty, depend on this lake, but it’s state is getting worse and worse by the minute. Lake victoria promoting water as a shared resource in Lake Victoria and the surrounding areas can be possible with the help of you delegates. To solve ths problem, the delegate believes that we should stop the factories and any cause of pollution from coming into the lake itself. This way the lake could be cleaned without having any other problems bothering it. Also, the lake would once again be available to animals to live and breed in.

Critical Analysis of Immigration and Migrant Workers The WritePass Journal

Critical Analysis of Immigration and Migrant Workers Introduction Critical Analysis of Immigration and Migrant Workers IntroductionREFERENCESRelated Introduction For many years, migration, perpetrated by the quest for career advancement by skilled labour, asylum seeking by refugees and interest in greener pastures has been going on internationally. Some countries have faced challenges and setbacks due to international migration of skilled labour/personnel and some have gained significantly by being recipients of such personnel. This essay will seek to address the issue of teacher migration/exodus in Zimbabwe. Human Capital Theory in conjunction with the theoretical perspective of Globalisation will be used to analyse this issue in the aforesaid country. Zimbabwe is a landlocked country located in the Southern part of the African continent. Its neighbouring boarder countries are South Africa, Botswana, Zambia and Mozambique and it is a former British colony. For the past decade it has been going through a challenging political climate characterised by violence, poor economy, introduction and an ongoing land reform programme which was poorly implemented and resulted in the country going downhill as agriculture was one of their main foreign currency earners and attracted the imposition of economic sanctions.HIV and AIDS is also prevalent in Zimbabwe. According to the preliminary results of the 2002 census, Zimbabwe has a population of 11.6 million against a projected figure of 14.7 million. This would mean that the estimated number of Zimbabweans in the Diaspora is 3.1 million which was worked at the assumptions that, mortality had remained at the 1990 level, fertility had declined and there had been a negligible international emigrati on. Zimbabwe uses the neighbouring South Africa’s Rand and the US dollar as its main currency. Its education system consists of 8 years of primary education and 6 years of high school before a student can be admitted to university. The wealthier population normally send their children to private schools which follow the Cambridge exams curriculum and the others send theirs to government run schools which use the national curriculum. In 1980, education was declared free and for all, but since 1988 the government introduced and gradually increased charges attached to school enrolment. Zimbabwe has eleven universities that are internationally accredited that serve the whole nation and 8 teacher’s colleges. Each year Zimbabwe loses thousands of skilled professionals crucial to the development needs of the country. They migrate mainly to South Africa, Botswana, UK, Australia, and USA. Crush et al (2005) assert that Zimbabwe is experiencing a crippling flight of professionals and skilled people that has escalated to levels that have serious implications for growth and development. Included in this list of professionals are teachers, who play a pivotal role in the continuity of the learning and education process. Chetsanga (2003) argues that, it is difficult to properly determine the accurate statistics of the Zimbabweans that have migrated as the plight of teachers in particular dates far back to year 1998, with teachers going on strike because of low pay. Teachers were also one of the main targets of political attacks then, as the ruling party accused them of supporting the opposition party. Between 2000 and 2002 the Ministry of Education recorded a high influx of teacher resignations and absconding, with teachers migrating to other countries, mainly United Kingdom and South Africa to claim asylum, fleeing from political violence, and some moving to other departments.The study he did established only 479348 Zimbabweans in the Diaspora (including teachers) and is aware that a large number is not accounted for in that figure. He says, of that figure, most hold Bachelor’s degrees, followed by polytechnic graduates, 20% hold Masters Degrees, while 5% hold PhDs. He says the health and tea ching personnel account for more than 75% of that figure. Chanda,cited in Chetsanga (2003) explains Zimbabwe’s teacher exodus from another dimension, where she describes it as, the concept of ‘survival migration’ which focuses on the situation of people who are outside their country of origin because of an existential threat to which they have no access to a domestic remedy but who fall outside of the dominant interpretation of a ‘refugee’ under international law. He says, it focuses on people who cross borders fleeing some combination of, environmental disaster, livelihoods failure, and state fragility. Chetsanga (2003) conquers that the reasons why teachers are leaving Zimbabwe appear to be diverse ranging from professional, political to economical. Crush et al (2005) also say, the teachers unhappiness goes deeper than economic circumstances, to include, housing, medical services, education and a viable future for their children. The number of people living below the poverty datum line has surged in the past three years because of economic crisis and spiralling of inflation. Over 75% of Zimbabweans are now classified as poor, while 50% are living in abject poverty. As of December 2002 the unemployment rate was between 75% and 80% and has even got worse. All civil servant salaries are uniform in Zimbabwe at present regardless of experience, education background, geographical location, or genders and they are pegged at US190 ( £126) a month against a high cost of living that needs at least US510 ( £340) a month to meet the poverty datum line. Around one in ten of the population live with HIV, Zimbabwe is experiencing one of the harshest AIDS epidemics in the world. In a country with such a tense political and social climate, it has been difficult to respond to the crisis. President Robert Mugabe and his government have been widely criticised by the international community, and Zimbabwe has become increasingly isolated, both politically and economically. The country has had to confront a number of severe crises in the past few years, including an unprecedented rise in inflation which reached 100,000%   in January 2008, a severe cholera epidemic, high rates of unemployment, political violence, and a near-total collapse of the health system. The situation in Zimbabwe got so bad that between 2002 and 2006, the population decreased and Infant mortality has doubled since 1990.Average life expectancy for women, who are particularly affected by Zimbabwes AIDS epidemic, is 47 and 40 for men. Zimbabwe has a higher number of orpha ns, in proportion to its population, than any other country in the world, according to UNICEF. In fact, as many as 1 in 4 children in Zimbabwe are orphaned as a result of parents dying from AIDS. Teachers are relied on to counsel their students about Aids, but statistics indicate they are no more knowledgeable about avoiding infection than other Zimbabwean adults. Teachers are at high risk of getting infected with HIV and Aids, and already one-third of them are likely to be infected with the virus. According to a report presented by a state-appointed education assessment team, the rate among teachers mirrors Health Ministry statistics showing that an estimated 27% of Zimbabweans aged 18-49 are infected with HIV, with at least 3 000 deaths a week. The teacher migration adds to the depletion from the AIDS affected population, worsening the already depleted labour force. Through migration, Zimbabwe is losing the value of its investment in education because a large number of highly trained Zimbabweans who include teachers have left the country. Efforts in trying to reach out to Zimbabwe with specific skills through improved educational opportunities may go to a waste unless measures are taken to offset the pull factors attracting the highly educated Zimbabweans to other countries. If the Zimbabwean government does not do anything by making staying at home attractive it will continue to lose its highly skilled personnel to other countries and the brain drain unabated because the brain drain in Zimbabwe is based on the global phenomenon associated with man’s quest for better opportunities in life. De Villers (2004) says, the trend and high magnitude of the brain drain cripples the country’s capacity to engage in sustainable development and it is a well established fact that knowledge is the most important instrument in the creation and acc umulation of wealth and the primary factor in international competitiveness. Therefore Zimbabwe’s migration of the skilled and knowledgeable personnel has had and is continuing to have a clear negative impact on the country’s development system as evidenced by its inflation rate, HIV and AIDS statistics, exclusion from major international dealings, and poor education and health systems. The aforesaid teacher migration/exodus challenge faced by Zimbabwe can be analysed using the Human Capital Theory (HCT) in ascertaining Zimbabwe’s position in the global world, marrying it with the theoretical perspective of Globalisation. The Human Capital Theory (HCT) is a model that is widely used in the economic analysis of education worldwide. It is used as a background assumption in many areas of economics like in the theory of economic growth. HCT is commonly linked with education and thus theorists in human capital tend to marry the two and view education as investment in human capital. The concept of HCT boarders around that the economic growth, prosperity and function of a nation mainly depends on its physical and human capital stock. The investment people make on their individual selves education wise enhances the productivity of the economy and that is what human capital theorists endeavour to point out. The human capital theorists emphasise on the rate of returns to education. They argue that, educate yourself and the returns to education will be higher, hence uplifting you as an individual and you uplifting your nation, the returns are both economic,(for example-the more you invest in years of schooling, the better pay you are likely to earn),and non economic (eg-acquired knowledge through education may help you to understand and deal with issues better, like HIV and AIDS).Kingdon and Theopold (2008) emphasise that, similar to this, returns to education may be private (accruing to the educated individual) or maybe social (benefiting the individual and their community).She however does not dispute that, the returns might be influenced by the level of education that one has acquired, type of education, education institution attended, field of study and other things, hence even some universities tend to charge more for other courses compared to others, simply because of their estimate d rate of return. Psacharopoulos and Woodhall (1997) infer that, investment in people education wise is as or more important to economic growth as investing in machinery as education enhances a workers productivity. The screening hypothesis challenges that interpretation of education and argues that, education is only used by employers to screen employees. The screening hypothesis is true to an extent, because for example in the Zimbabwean situation, where the Ministry of Education has reported an influx of teachers in areas like, language teachers compared to maths and science. Only teachers with qualified teacher status specialised in languages are employed, when areas like maths and science recruit even personnel without qualified teacher status to fill in vacant posts. If that requirement was not put in place in the languages department, it would be difficult for recruiters to recruit and this is one of the reasons why some personnel that are capable of teaching in the languages department have migrated. Robert (1991) asserts that education and the creation of human capital creates the differences in labour productivity and the differences in overall levels of technology that we observe in the world. This meaning that education plays a critical input for innovations, research and development activities, thus being seen as an intentional effort to increase the resources needed for creating new things like technology. In this generation we are living in, a technological nation tends to be better successful as it is advanced and quicker. Psacharopoulos and Woodhall (1997) confirm that, by saying that in East Asia, education has given them their success in economic growth and development. Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan have achieved high rates of economic growth due to their investments in education. In the Zimbabwean context, due to the migration of teachers, areas like technology advancement are so crippled, because the skilled personnel to impact this knowledge to learners is limite d.While the problem is not mainly limited to this, skilled personnel migrate as well due to their worry on how their skills might remain stagnant and not match the global need which calls for technological knowledge nowadays. Skilled labour migrates to go and advance their skills in other countries and in a quest to make sure their children and families acquire the best education and skills too. Muchemwa (2009) argues that on this same score, a country like Zimbabwe will be left with insufficient personnel to run its own education systems and shortages in the education sector will impair transfer of skills to the next generation of citizens. According to Fagerlind and Saha (1997) HCT in both developing and developed countries, just provides a basic justification for large public expenditure on education because if its notion which is derived on the presumed economic return of investment in education both at the macro and micro levels. Individuals then tend to think such investment is worthwhile as it was seen to provide returns in the form of individual economic success and achievement. At a bigger level, efforts put to promote investment in human capital would result in economic growth, that is, ‘educate part of the community and the whole of it benefits’ (Schultz 1971).Morgan et al (2005) argues that in contexts like the Zimbabwean, teacher training is often highly subsidised, which due to migration it technically means that the governments are funding the training of teachers who serve other in other countries, usually developed countries where they can earn a much higher salary, thereby leaving Zimbabwe with little labour to run their affairs. While it may be argued that the Zimbabwean government takes measures like bonding to curb this, to make sure that for example a teacher stays and serve in the country for at least two years before migrating. From personal experience, the measures are not so strictly implemented and the money is affordable to pay back as long as you have migrated to a country that has a valuable currency. I completed my teacher training in Zimbabwe in year 2000 and moved to England a year after that.When I had left the Ministry, my parents who I had assigned as my guarantors during my teacher training, received letters that I was supposed to pay back the government money. I managed to send three hours worth of wages from my cleaning job in England, and it covered the whole debt. While in general terms human capital theorists argue that an educated population is a productive population, Ayara (2002) reports that it is not the case with countries like Nigeria, Zimbabwe and other African countries who have engaged in too much corruption and have not had the expected positive growth impact on economic growth .He says educational capital has gone into privately remunerate but socially unproductive activities, like fraud, prostitution and many more. In countries like Zimbabwe, the education system is failing due to economic and political instability that has led to the prevalence of corruption. Gaidzanwa (1999) assumes that, the core of a country’s problems and success lies in its government, that is, the choice of its leaders and how they run the affairs of the country. If the migrated emigrants, like teachers and other professionals would be allowed to vote, from their countries of board, their informed and education influenced choices of leaders would co ntribute to the turnover of the poor economy and its sustainability. At the individual level, it has become an issue, to what extent education as a form of human investment can be directly related to improvement and income. For example,   in the Zimbabwean situation, a non qualified teacher, a post graduate teacher and a qualified teacher with 20years teaching experience are all bracketed under the ‘civil servant pay scale’ and all receive the same salary of US$190 currently. Low pay rates and poor living and working conditions have been the major causes for teacher exodus. This goes on to explain how the HCT’s philosophies are not always the case especially in countries and individuals that are facing challenges. Robert (1991) also conquers that education; from a HCT perspective can create inequalities and social class stratification. Education can in this instance be used as a tool to measure poverty against wealth. The HCT reinforces that, the educated one has a likelihood of a better job, leading to better income, better life and better class. It can therefore be concluded that while individuals, societies, countries and the world look up to education as a means of a better life and investment in agreement with the HCT. It is not always the case that investing in education can bring the expected returns. There are some external factors that can hinder those expectations like the politics and economy of a given country. On individual basis, things like ill health, discrimination in education systems and poverty which is the case in Zimbabwe, where HIV/AIDS is having a highly negative impact to its human stock together with skilled labour migration.HCT always assumes well functioning economies and employs a, one size fits all approach, paying a blind eye on countries and individuals that are struggling for different reasons. The framework does not take account of segregated labour markets where people are allocated jobs on the grounds of race, gender or assumptions about class or cost. It should address beyond investment education wise as there are other uneducated personnel with no qualifications, who contribute to the welfare of the nation’s economy and do well as individuals, things like health as well should be incorporated and any form of knowledge deemed appropriate for enhancing economic growth should be incorporated in HCT. While the government of Zimbabwe has invested a lot in training and educating their teachers who have migrated to other countries, hence leaving the country with a shortage of labour in that field (especially maths and sciences) and a possible, crippling effect on the transfer of skills to the next generation. The theoretical perspective of ‘Globalisation’ will also be used to critique this issue of teacher migration in Zimbabwe, comparing and contrasting it with HCT. The businessdictionary.com, defines globalisation as, the worldwide movement towards economic, financial, trade, and communications integration. It implies the opening of local and nationalistic perspectives to a broader outlook of an interconnected and interdependent world with free transfer of capital, goods, and services across national frontiers. However, it does not include unhindered movement of labour and, as suggested by some economists, may hurt smaller or fragile economies if applied indiscriminately. Park (2003) asserts that, globalisation, has just been turned into a buzz word in recent times, which has been used even by people who have no understanding of the economic term, which mainly reasons on why commodity flows and divisions occur. He says, globalisation is about creating a set of competencies that enable companies to utilise resources on an optimal basis to meet differentiated customer demand profitably and cost-competitively without regard for geography, which si mply means, getting an organisation into a position of doing business in any market it chooses. However Kingdon and Theopold (2008) conclude that there is no single agreed definition of globalisation and there are many ways to summarise the vast literature on this subject. She says that, the forces of globalisation affect the lives of most people all over the world, be it business people or villagers, well paid workers or labourers as well as desperate migrants in transit in the hope of better lives, with the migrating Zimbabwean teachers as an example. She says, globalisation is an often discussed and seldom understood phenomenon, which entails an increase in human activities that cross national boundaries. These may be economic, social, political, technological or biological. The theory of globalisation together with HCT and teacher migration in this essay will lean a lot on Millennium Development Goal (MDG) number 8,which addresses, the development of global partnership for development, which encourages the further development of an open, rule based, predictable, non discriminatory trading and financial systems. Kingdon and Theopold (2008) have grouped approaches to globalisation into four clusters, that is, world- systems, global culture, global polity and society and global capitalism. She assumes that the approaches to globalisation endeavour to create what is famously called the ‘global village’, where the basic idea is that, the spread of the mass media, especially television and the internet, means everyone can be exposed to the same images at the same time and the ever increasing integration of people in societies around the world has influenced human evolution. While this perspective is acknowledgeable to an extent in the migration o f teachers in Zimbabwe, where the use of the internet and media and information passed on by others who have migrated already to those that are still in the country on how to migrate and improve lives has been used, however Khadria (2005) argues that when goals and targets were set for global goals for education, they were more politically than technically determined. The migration of teachers has been one of the human activities that have been crossing national boundaries for a long time. Appleton (2006)says that, though there has been international movement of educators since the ancient Greeks first tutored the Romans, the advent of globalisation in the 1990’s has seen such migration return to prominence. Like Zimbabwe, some countries have seen net losses of educators and have expressed concerns leading to, for example, things like, introduction of visas, adoption of a protocol of teacher recruitment by the commonwealth in September 2004 to try and put this migration under control. He argues that by 2000,for example in some parts of England, some schools were already relying on the recruitment of overseas teachers to fill in the gaps, with some, teacher supply agencies moving into the market to supply teachers, this however denotes the difference between HCT which emphasises on the nation gaining from their human stock, to the human stoc k crossing the national boundary to a wider world(global).It can however be concluded that, unlike HCT that emphasises on individual and national gains, Globalisation, embraces both individual, national to the whole global village. It does not limit human capital stock and returns to national level, it reflects that things move away and come back some how.HCT uses, rate of returns to individuals and the nation while globalisation is often interpreted in terms of economic actors and economic institutions. Khadria (2005) and Grace (2003) agree that, If countries like Zimbabwe would manage its affairs well, the beneficial effects of teacher migration would impact and reflect positively on its economy and even have a multiplier effect on the economy as a whole. They explain that, migrated personnel send part of their earnings home in form of remittances hence providing the home country with a source of valuable foreign currency which is pivotal in trade dealings.(See appendix 1.0). It is estimated that an overseas worker on average can remit home over US$500 per month. Studies have shown that the propensity to save is usually higher among emigrants than local people, in preparation for their possible returns to the home country. Therefore if 35% for example, is sent to Zimbabwe monthly, more than $25billion dollars will be availed to the Zimbabwe economy and through various expenditure mechanisms, government can be able to raise substantial amount of revenue for public coffers. According to the Zimbabwe Revenue Authority (ZIMRA), 70% of the cars in the Zimbabwean roads have been shipped from the Diaspora. The taxes paid on the clearance of those cars, if managed properly without corruption can as well provide Zimbabwe with a lot of revenue significant to the country’s economic growth and global trades. Skeldon (2005) argues that, the emigration of skilled workers is not new but has taken on greater urgency in the context of globalising economy and ageing society. He says the developed world is viewed as poaching the best and brightest from the developing world, thus prejudicing home countries of their chance of development, but he strongly believes that any movement of labour is as much internal within any country as it is among countries and that skilled labour migration should not be seen differently from other types of migration and movement of other goods. Statistics show that not all teachers that moved from the teaching field in Zimbabwe, migrated, some moved to other departments like NGO’s due to attractive salaries, and whilst Zimbabwe, employs some of its personnel like technology engineers from countries like Botswana, or send some of its personnel abroad on government scholarships for training. Zimbabwe should acknowledge that, it as well benefits from other educa tional global dealings too. It can therefore be argued or speculated that, teacher migration should be viewed as a global necessity, to assist those in need and curb unemployment in countries with excess personnel than poaching skills. The theory of globalisation, does not hinder the fact that, for example, if Zimbabwe gets back on its feet and does well economically, maybe tomorrow or in a decade, if it can attract skilled labour as well, it can attract teachers from other countries too, as was the case in the 80’s where use of expatriate teachers from, Germany, Sweden etc was common. HCT emphasises on the number of years invested in schooling, yielding better returns. An average qualified secondary teacher in Zimbabwe currently invested 7 years to primary schooling,6 years in high school and 2 years training at a teacher’s college, which equates to 14 years and Zimbabwe considers him/her as their highly skilled labour. When that teacher migrates, for example, to England, he/she cannot qualify for a qualified teacher status, she has to do another 3 years for a PGCE, to meet the local standard, and hence most of these migrated people have had to further their education or do other menial jobs. Skeldon (2005) says the question of who are skilled labours at global level has been raised. What an individual country might view as their skilled labour might not be what the host country perceives. Using the example mentioned above, of teachers who might opt to do the PGCE in England. One can question that, has there been a truly brain drain as the brains have been retrained again in the destination country. This highly denotes an advantage brought about by migration and globalisation. In HCT, highly successful entrepreneurs and businessmen/women are excluded on the basis that some of them do not even have any tertiary education even though they posses skills essential for economic growth, but globalisation accommodates them. Both HCT and globalisation, though in different ways, agree that education has become a multimillion dollar migrant industry, particularly at global level. Teacher migration has had an effect on quality of teaching in Zimbabwe. Most parents wish that their children could access the quality of education that would make them employable worldwide, with some affording parents sending their children to expensive private colleges(teachers earn higher) that examine children, through the, Cambridge Schools Examination Certificate than the Zimbabwe National Schools Examination Certificate(ZIMSEC) which is not recognised worldwide and used in Government and Council schools(teachers earn very little),so as to prepare them for life in the globalising economy. Some individuals even enrol for expensive online courses with foreign universities. So one can hypothesise that, people opt for certain types of education or training for individual returns or to specifically increase their chances of migra tion. Though there is no guarantee that these individuals will definitely migrate, this contributes to better educated and trained people for the domestic market as well. Statistics show that most people who have managed to migrate from Zimbabwe are the skilled and educated, with teachers and health professionals on large numbers, because chances of them making a living in another world are high and they are employable. Skilled personnel are likely to have the knowledge (how to apply for visas, what the host country requires and contacts of already migrated colleagues or relatives) and means (money to apply for Visas, purchase travel tickets, etc).This even goes far beyond individual or small society level but rather to a wider world, where countries have been labelled as underdeveloped, developing and developed because of their economic power and growth. Even when it comes to manpower planning needs, parents strongly feel that in an area of scarce skilled manpower, the better educated their children, the better chances of getting well paid jobs. The poor ones even look up to the education of their children as a means of alleviating their poverty. Babalola (2003) is of the notion that, the main problem associated with the belief that education is good for economic growth and development lies in how to maintain an equilibrium position in terms of ascertaining the evidence of either too little or too many educated people in a society. He says that a shortage of educated people will limit growth whilst too much of them will create unemployment hence limiting economic growth and development. The Ministry of Education in Zimbabwe confirms, that there are other teaching fields like languages and social sciences in Zimbabwe, which tend to have excess trained personnel compared to maths and sciences. Therefore migration of these teachers might be necessary than a hindrance and this is evidently a challenge to HCT but a bonus to Globalisation. While teacher migration has been a burning issue in the Ministry of Education and Zimbabwe as a whole. It is difficult to argue out why the teachers should have stayed in the country of origin given the economic, political and social climate and considering that it is not the only department that has registered a high movement of personnel. The problems associated with teacher migration need to be addressed at government level. Although the destination countries benefit from this migration, it is difficult to conclude that their economic successes depend on these migrants and that countries of origin’s development is prejudiced by this. However the issue of brain drain seems like it will be debatable for long. REFERENCES Appleton, S., Morgan, W. J. Sives, A (2006) THE IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL MOBILITY OF TEACHERS-CONCLUSIONS FROM A FOUR COUNTRY STUDY , paper presented at the Development Studies Association Conference. Open University, Milton Keynes Ayara, N .N (2002) THE PARADOX OF EDUCATION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA: AN EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE.Ibadan, Polygraphic Ventures Ltd. Babalola, J.B (2003) BUDGET PREPERATION AND EXPENDITURE CONTROL IN EDUCATION.Ibadan,Ibadan Awemark Industrial Printers. Chetsanga, C (2003) AN ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSE AND EFFECT OF BRAIN DRAIN IN ZIMBABWE, Harare, Scientific and IndustrialResearch and Development Centre Crush, J. W, Tevera, D and Pendelton, W, (2005) DEGREES OF UNCERTAINITY:STUDENTS AND THE BRAIN DRAIN IN SOUTHERN AFRICA, SAMP Migration Policy Series No. 35, 2005. De Villiers J.J.R (2004) SOUTH AFRICAN TEACHERS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM SCHOOLS: EXPECTATIONS AND EXPERIENCES. Journal of Educational Studies, 3(1), 49-66. Gaidzanwa, R, (1999) VOTING WITH THEIR FEET: MIGRANT ZIMBABWEAN NURSES AND DOCTORS IN THE ERA OF STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT, Research Report No. 111, Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, Uppsala Grace, J (2003) MY FAMILY SEND ME MONEY TO GET BY. The Guardian. [Online]. Available url: http://education.guardian.co.uk/egweekly/story/0,5500,883206,00.html. Accessed 5 March 2011 Fagerlind, A and Saha, L.J (1997) EDUCATION AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS. New Delhi. Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd Khadria, B (2005) MIGRATION IN SOUTH AND SOUTH-WEST ASIA:A PAPER PREPARED FOR THE POLICY ANALYSIS AND RESEARCH PROGRAMME OF THE GLOBAL COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION.Jawaharlal.Nehru University. Kingdon, G and Theopold, N (2008) ‘DO RETURNS TO EDUCATION MATTER TO SCHOOLING PARTICIPATION? Education economics 16, No 4.329-350                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Morgan, W. J., Sives, A. and Appleton, S. (2005) MANAGING THE INTERNATIONAL RECRUITMENT OF HEALTH WORKERS AND TEA CHERS: DO THE COMMONWEALTH AGREEMENTS PROVIDE AN ANSWER?, The Roundtable, 94(379), 225–238 Muchemwa, F (2009) FREE EDUCATION FOR ALL IN ZIMBABWE:MUGABE’S PRIMARY SCHOOL EXPANSION POLICY WAS A DISASTER.http://modern-african-history.suite101.com/article.cfm/free_aducation_for_all_in_zimbabwe(Accessed 19/03/11) Park, D (2003) WHAT IS GLOBALISATION?:A WHITE PAPER BY DANIEL PARK,ASSOCIATE CONSULTANT,B2B. Psacharopoulos, G and Woodhall, M (1997) EDUCATION FOR DEVELOPMENT: AN ANALYSIS OF INVESTMENT CHOICE. New York. Oxford University Press. Robert, B (1991) ECONOMIC GROWTH IN A CROSS SECTION OF COUNTRIES. Quarterly Journal of Economics 106(2) pp 407-414 Schultz, T.W (1971) INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL. New York. The Free Press. Skeldon, R (2005) GLOBALISATION, SKILLED MIGRATION AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION: BRAIN DRAINS IN CONTEXT: WORKING PAPER T15.Sussex.Sussex Development Research Centre on Migration, Globalisation and Poverty. businessdictionary.com/definition/globalization.html (ONLINE) Accessed 12/04/11

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Article 8 Extraordinary General Meeting 1 Extraordinary General Meetings convened by the Board of Directors on the request of shareholder whose holdings at least one tenth of the share capital. Article 9 Notice of General Meetings; Agenda 1 Extraordinary General Meetings convened by notice in the Swiss Official Gazette of Commerce with in twenty days before the date fixed also Shareholders may be informed by ordinary mail and allow one or more share holder whose combined represent at least 0.15 % of share capital allow request about the agenda of general meeting and made proposal . Article 10 Presiding officer; Minutes: The secretary of the board kept the minutes of General Meeting also Chairman or any member of the Board of Directors shall pre ­side and carry all procedural powers about General Meeting. Article 11 Voting rights; Proxies This article will explain that each recorded share with voting rights confers one Vote also in General meeting with respect to own shares or represented in excess of 5% shall be counted as one share holder. Article 12 Quorum and decisions This article will discuss about the voting and decision making process for instance duly constituted General Meetings irrespective of the number of shareholders or by the Articles of Association or law, also shareholders elections and resolutions will be decide by the majority of the shares represented. B. Board of Directors Article 14 15 Number of Directors and Term of office The Board of Directors shall consist of at least seven members also board shall be elected for a three years by the General Meeting. Furthermore each year board renewed by rotation also board will establish new order of rotation in the case of increase or decrease of board of director. Article 16 Organisation of the Board; Remuneration This article explains about board of director responsibility for instance the selection of chairman and voice chairmen also define board regulation and assignment of responsibilities. Article 17 Powers of the Board in general This article define the general power of board director can conduct business to the extent that is not within the board regulation or general meeting. Article 18 Specific powers of the Board the section of article define the board of director power for instance the board regulation, accounting and financial control, the appointment of new staff, the ultimate supervision, the preparation of business report , preparation of General meeting also the opening and closing of new and old branch office. Auditors Article 20 21 Number of Auditors; Term of office and Rights and duties of Auditors The auditor shall appoint for a term of one year in General Meeting and will verify the annual financial statement of company and submits this report in the General Meeting. Nestle- Nespresso AAA sustainable quality program Nestle has organised multi-stakeholder Programme in the coffee sector to introduce environmental, social and economical consideration in the supply chain for instance management of raw material from supplier to manufacturer or service provider to customer with improvement of environmental and social impact. Nestle Recent News. Nestlà © to sell remaining Alcon shares to Novartis 04 Jan 2010 Nestlà © S.A. has transfer the Alcon remaining 156,076,263 shares representing around 52% of the companys issued and outstanding share to Novartis, accordance with the contract agreed on 6 April 2008.Moreover, the reason for transfer the control are gradually based on three issues for instance, the divestment of Alcon the initial IPO of 23.25% in 2002, the sale of 24.8% in 2008 and the exercise of the call option by Novartis. Alcon was acquired by Nestlà © in 1977 for USD 280 million. Nestlà © opens global RD Centre to develop new generation of biscuits On 05-Jan-2010 Nestlà © has open a Global RD Center in Santiago de Chile. The New RD Center will help to reduce the sugar and fat level in biscuits also it will include bioactive ingredients and more lighter without compromising the biscuit quality to improve health quality Nestlà © to acquire Kraft Foods frozen pizza business Nestle has showed the agree ness to acquired Kraft food frozen business in the US and Canada on 05-January, 2010 for USD 3.7 billion in cash, the reason for this acquisition is that US is the largest pizza market in the world about 37 billion USD and business includes brands California Pizza, DiGiorno, Tombstone, Jacks and Delissio, therefore this acquisition will provide a strong strategic pillar in the US and Canada where the company already established a leadership in dishes and hand held products such as Lean Cuisine, Buitoni, Lean Pockets, Stouffers and Hot Pockets Consequently on 01 March 2010 after completion of closing conditions Nestlà © has concluded the acquisition of Kraft Foods frozen pizza According to Paul Bulcke, CEO of Nestlà © This acquisition bringing together a selection of great US and Canadian brands and also enhances Nestlà ©s frozen food activities in North America where Nestlà © only had a minor presence until no Brands Nestlà © markets its products in 130 countries across the world Nestlà © manufactures around 10,000 different productsand employs some  250,000 people Nestlà © sells over  a billion products every day Around 3,500 people from  over 50 countries work in  Nestlà ©s worldwide network  of 17 research, development  and product testing centres. The Nestlà © Research Center  in Switzerland is our major  think-tank. Its a constant  source of new ideas and  scientific knowledge that  feeds the pipeline for all  Nestlà © products. It covers over 100 different  professional areas   including nutritional  science, the life sciences,  raw materials, ingredients  and production processes. Appendix No 1: Article of Associations General Article 1 Article 2 Corporate name; registered offices; Duration and Purpose. This category is consisting of two sub category or bias in which they explain company name, company registration and company purpose Share Capital. Article 3 Share capital Article 3bis Conditional share capital. On this section it has been explained the share capital of Nestle which is 100 000 000 registered shares and the value of each is CHF0.10 is worth CHF 10 000 000 (ten million Swiss francs). Also explain the shareholder rights to subscribe the new share and also point out the board of director power to may limit or withdraw the shareholder right to subscribe for new shares. Article 4 Share certificates; Dematerialised shares This article section has discussed the issue regarding registered shares or certificate. Moreover, it shows that valid certificate must be signed by two boards of directors, in case of cease shareholder have right to demand back the certificate at no cost. Article 5 Share register: This section of article has explained Recoganisation request of shareholder for voting right is based on company Recoganisation furthermore, registered shareholder with voting rights must have account owner and the minimum limit for voting right is more than 5 % of the share also Board of Directors shall announce regulations relating to the registration of nominees to ensure compliance with these Articles of Association. III. Organisation of Nestlà © Article 6 Powers of the General Meeting The firs article of this category has explained the power of General Meeting for instance: The General Meeting of shareholder will discuss the article of association also elect and remove the member of the board and approve the consolidated annual financial report also take all decisions which is by law and or under the articles of Association. Article 7 Annual General Meeting The Annual General Meeting held each year twice after the close of the financial year of Nestlà ©. Article 8 Extraordinary General Meeting 1 Extraordinary General Meetings convened by the Board of Directors on the request of shareholder whose holdings at least one tenth of the share capital. Article 9 Notice of General Meetings; Agenda 1 Extraordinary General Meetings convened by notice in the Swiss Official Gazette of Commerce with in twenty days before the date fixed also Shareholders may be informed by ordinary mail and allow one or more share holder whose combined represent at least 0.15 % of share capital allow request about the agenda of general meeting and made proposal . Article 10 Presiding officer; Minutes: The secretary of the board kept the minutes of General Meeting also Chairman or any member of the Board of Directors shall pre ­side and carry all procedural powers about General Meeting. Article 11 Voting rights; Proxies This article will explain that each recorded share with voting rights confers one Vote also in General meeting with respect to own shares or represented in excess of 5% shall be counted as one share holder. Article 12 Quorum and decisions This article will discuss about the voting and decision making process for instance duly constituted General Meetings irrespective of the number of shareholders or by the Articles of Association or law, also shareholders elections and resolutions will be decide by the majority of the shares represented. Board of Directors Article 14 15 Number of Directors and Term of office The Board of Directors shall consist of at least seven members also board shall be elected for a three years by the General Meeting. Furthermore each year board renewed by rotation also board will establish new order of rotation in the case of increase or decrease of board of director. Article 16 Organisation of the Board; Remuneration This article explains about board of director responsibility for instance the selection of chairman and voice chairmen also define board regulation and assignment of responsibilities. Article 17 Powers of the Board in general This article define the general power of board director can conduct business to the extent that is not within the board regulation or general meeting. Article 18 Specific powers of the Board the section of article define the board of director power for instance the board regulation, accounting and financial control, the appointment of new staff, the ultimate supervision, the preparation of business report , preparation of General meeting also the opening and closing of new and old branch office. Auditors Article 20 21 Number of Auditors; Term of office and Rights and duties of Auditors The auditor shall appoint for a term of one year in General Meeting and will verify the annual financial statement of company and submits this report in the General Meeting. Nestle- Nespresso AAA sustainable quality program Nestle has organised multi-stakeholder Programme in the coffee sector to introduce environmental, social and economical consideration in the supply chain for instance management of raw material from supplier to manufacturer or service provider to customer with improvement of environmental and social impact. Title: Nestle Nespresso AAA sustainable quality program: an investigation into the governance dynamics in a multi-stakeholder supply chain network Author(s): Gabriela Alvarez, Colin Pilbeam, Richard Wilding Journal: Supply Chain Management: An International Journal Year: 2010 Volume: 15   Issue:2   Page: 165 182 DOI: 10.1108/13598541011028769 Publisher: Emerald Group Publishing Limited NOTABLE FACTS Nestle is the top four water bottling companies in the world Moreover Nestle control one third bottled water market in America and sell water under 70 different brands name. Nestle Claims that Bottled water sales contributes to the plastic waste problem on the contrary. Nestlà © has been criticized for its marketing of infant formula in countries where potable water is scare also leading to reduction in breast feeding and increased risk of infants and also repeatedly sued for false advertising of its products and the impacts of its bottled water operations in different communities. according to a 2006 global survey of online consumers by the Reputation Institute, Nestlà © has a reputation score of 70.4 on a scale of 1-100. THE MODE OF INTERNATIONAL OPERATION (Source Nestlà © Fact book, Nestlà ©, 2007) MERGERS ACQUISITIONS Key Dates 1866 Company Founded 1905 Merger between Nestlà © and Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company 1929 Merger with Peter, Cailler, Kohler Chocolats Suisses S.A. 1947 Merger with Alimentana S.A. (Maggi) 1969 Vittel (equity interest) 1971 Merger with Ursina-Franck1974LOrà ©al (equity interest) 1977 Acquisition of Alcon (2002: partial IPO) 1985 Acquisition of Carnation 1988 Acquisition of Buitoni-Perugina 1988 Acquisition of Rowntree 1992 Acquisition of Perrier 1998 Acquisitions of San Pellegrino and Spillers Petfoods 2000 Acquisition of PowerBar 2001 Acquisition of Ralston Purina 2002 Acquisition of Schà ¶ller and Chef America 2003 Acquisition of Mà ¶venpick, Powwow and Dreyers 2004 Acquisition of Valio (ice cream activities) 2005 Acquisition of Wagner, Protà ©ika, Musashi JOINT VENTURES Key Dates 1974 LOrà ©al 1981 Galderma (joint venture with LOrà ©al) 1990 Cereal Partners Worldwide (joint venture with General Mills) 1991 Beverage Partners Worldwide (formerly CCNR) (joint venture with Coca Cola) 2002 Dairy Partners Americas (joint venture with Fonterra) Laboratories innà ©ov (joint venture with LOrà ©al) STRATEGIES ADOPTED TO REDUCE POLITICAL, OPERATIONAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE VULNERABILITIES Corporate Business Principles (International)(Source: Nestlà © Corporate Business Principles Document, Third Edition, September 2004, Nestlà © S.A., Public Affairs. Nestlà © is committed to the following Business Principles in all countries, taking into account local legislation, cultural and religious practices: Nestlà ©s business objective, and that of management and employees at all levels, is to manufacture and market the Companys products in such a way as to create value that can be sustained over the long term for shareholders, employees, consumers, business partners and the large number of national economies in which Nestlà © operates; Nestlà © does not favor short-term profit at the expense of successful long-term business development, but recognizes the need to generate a healthy profit each year in order to maintain the support of our shareholders and the financial markets, and to finance investments; Nestlà © recognizes that its consumers have a sincere and legitimate interest in the behavior, beliefs and actions of the Company behind brands in which they place their trust, and that without its consumers the Company would not exist; Nestlà © believes that, as a general rule, legislation is the most effective safeguard of responsible conduct, although in certain areas, additional guidance to staff in the form of voluntary business principles is beneficial in order to ensure that the highest standards are met throughout the organization; Nestlà © is conscious of the fact that the success of a corporation is a reflection of the professionalism, conduct and the responsible attitude of its management and employees. Therefore recruitment of the right people and ongoing training and development are crucial; Nestlà © operates in many countries and in many cultures throughout the world. This rich diversity is an invaluable source for our leadership. No single document can capture every legal obligation that may be required in each of these countries. Indeed, there may be conflicting legal requirements. Nestlà © continues to maintain its commitment to follow and respect all applicable local laws in each of its markets. If an interpretation of anything contained in Nestlà ©s Corporate Business Principles is construed as contrary to local laws, such interpretation should not be followed in that country. 1. Customer Meeting Consumers Needs: Nestlà © aims to create value that can be sustained over the long term by meeting consumer needs for nutrition, enjoyment, and quality they can trust. Nestlà ©s Communication with consumers is based on the following Basic Principles: Nestlà © consumer communication should reflect moderation in food consumption, and not encourage over-eating. This is especially important regarding children. Wherever possible, we should show children in healthy energetic pursuits and avoid the portrayal of an inactive lifestyle combined with unhealthy dietary patterns. 3. Nestlà © consumer communication must be congruent with healthy, balanced diets. Our advertising must not imply the replacement of meals with indulgence or snack foods, nor encourage heavy snacking. 4. Nestlà © is committed to advertising to children in a way that does not undermine the authority, responsibility, or judgment of parents or care providers. It must not encourage pester power. 5. Nestlà © advertising to children must not portray children in unsafe situations nor encourage them to accept invitations from people they do not know. 6. Nestlà © consumer communication about health benefits of products must have a sound nutritional basis. 7. Nestlà © consumer communication should not exploit violence, bad manners, or profanity. Its content must reflect good taste in a given country and culture. It should not depict attitudes that are discriminatory or offensive to religious, ethnic, political, cultural, or social groups. 8. Nestlà © communications must not show or encourage the consumption of our products in a way that could be considered dangerous. 2. Infant Health and Nutrition When Henri Nestlà © developed his milk food for babies over 130 years ago, it saved the life of a baby who could not be breast-fed. Nestlà ©s invention responded to the need for a nutritionally safe alternative to breast milk. Today, Nestlà © research and development creates high quality infant formula products for use when an alternative to breast milk is needed that is specifically nutritionally adapted. Nestlà © also offers superior complementary (weaning) foods.Henri Nestlà © also insisted that every mother able to breast-feed should do so. This principle is still the cornerstone of Nestlà © policy today, and is in line with the aim of the International  (WHO) Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes, which was adopted by the  World Health Assembly  in 1981. The International Code recognizes a legitimate market for breast-milk substitutes and provides recommendations to governments on how its marketing should be regulated. Therefore Nestlà ©:- encourages and supports breastfeeding as the best start in life;  carries out research and development aimed at the constant improvement of infant formula products for use when a safe alternative to breast milk is needed;- ensures that its infant food marketing practices conform strictly to national legislation, regulations, or other measures taken by governments to give effect to the aim and principles of the International Code.In addition, in all developing countries, whether or not their governments have taken action to fully implement the International Code, Nestlà ©:- gives detailed instructions to its staff on how to implement the International Code; provides a summary of its policy for the information of employees and the public in the form of the Nestlà © Instructions, which is transl ated into many languages; regularly conducts training of employees to ensure complete understanding of the Companys responsibilities under the International Code; Company on potential non-compliance with the International Code in a confidential way, outside line management structures. In each country the designated ombudsman investigates and reports alleged violations of the International Code directly to a member of the Nestlà © S.A. Executive Committee at the Companys global headquarters; Nestlà © is a founding member of the  International Association of Infant Food Manufacturers (IFM), which was formed to facilitate industry dialogue with  WHO  and governments, and to encourage responsible marketing standards for the infant food industry Human Rights Nestlà © fully supports the  United Nations Global Compacts  two guiding principles on human rights. Nestlà © therefore: Supports and respects the protection of international human rights within its sphere of influence (Principle 1) and Ensures that its own companies are not complicit in human rights abuses (Principle 2)Nestlà © aims to provide an example of good human rights practices throughout its business activities and has an interest in encouraging the improvement of social conditions, which are an important factor for sustainable development. Nestlà © also recognizes that governments are ultimately responsible for the establishment of a legal framework for protecting human rights within their markets. Nestlà © expects each market to respect and follow the local laws and regulations concerning human rights practices Nestlà © fully supports the  United Nations Global Compacts  four guiding principles on labor. Nestlà © therefore upholds:Freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining (Principle 3) The elimination of all forms of forced and compulsory labor (Principle 4)The effective abolition of child labor (Principle 5)The elimination of discrimination in respect of employment occupation (Principle 6) Nestlà © also respects the local laws and regulations applicable to human resources in each of its markets. Human Resource Policy is also set by the local markets, which must follow local legal requirements. Nestlà © regards its personnel as its most valuable asset. Involvement at all levels starts with open communication, whether on specific aspects of the business, or about the activities of the Company in general. Suggestions for changes and proposals for improvements of Nestlà ©s practices are encouraged.